squamous cell carcinoma treatment

Understanding Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treatment Options and Prognosis

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Australia’s high levels of UV radiation make skin cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), a pressing health issue. This article will provide a detailed overview of SCC, including its stages, squamous cell carcinoma treatment options, prevention strategies, and the importance of early detection.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma: What Is It?

It is a type of skin cancer that begins in the squamous cells, which comprise most of the skin ’s upper layers (the epidermis). In Australia, where levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation are the highest in the world, SCC is quite common, especially among fair-skinned individuals. According to the Cancer Council of Australia, SCC accounts for approximately 30% of all non-melanoma skin cancers.

Understanding SCC

Given the high incidence rates of skin cancers in Australia, it pays to know the possible causes and risk factors of Squamous Cell Carcinoma and other types of skin cancer.

Causes and Risk Factors

SCC is primarily caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. Risk factors include the following:

  • Fair Skin: Individuals with lighter skin are more prone to damage from UV radiation.
  • Age: Older adults are more at risk, as skin damage accumulates over time.
  • History of Sunburns: Frequent sunburns, particularly in early life, increase risk.
  • Immunosuppression: People with weakened immune systems, such as organ transplant recipients, are at higher risk of skin cancer in Australia.
  • Exposure to Chemicals: Contact with carcinogens like arsenic can also contribute to SCC.

Stages of Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Like any other type of cancer, SCC manifests and progresses in different stages.

  • In-Situ (Bowen’s Disease): The cancer is confined to the top layer of the skin and has not invaded deeper tissues.
  • Invasive SCC: The cancer has penetrated the deeper layers of the skin but has not spread to other body parts.
  • Metastatic SCC: The cancer has spread (metastasized) to other parts of the body, such as lymph nodes or organs.

Diagnosis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma

We shared a similar post outlining the signs and symptoms of SCC. Check the post here to learn more about the physical manifestations of this type of cancer.

skin cancer

Importance of Early Detection

Identifying squamous cell carcinoma stages can lead to a more favourable prognosis and a higher chance of complete recovery.

Diagnostic Methods

SCC is usually detected using the following methods:

  • Biopsy: A small sample of tissue is removed and examined under a microscope
  • Imaging Tests: In some cases, imaging tests like CT scans may be used to determine if the cancer has spread.

Available Treatment Options

If detected while still in its nascent stages, SCC is highly treatable. The cancer is removed from the body through surgical or non-surgical procedures, depending on its size, shape and location.

Surgical Procedures

  • Excision: The cancerous tissue, along with some surrounding healthy tissue, is cut out.
  • Mohs Surgery: This precise technique involves removing the cancer layer by layer and examining each under a microscope until no abnormal cells remain.
    Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy
  • Radiation Therapy: This squamous cell carcinoma treatment is often used for patients who cannot undergo surgery. It involves using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
  • Chemotherapy: This procedure is generally reserved for advanced cases where SCC has spread beyond the skin.

Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy

These treatments harness the body’s immune system to fight cancer or target specific molecules involved in the growth and survival of cancer cells. They are emerging as promising options for advanced cases.

Protection and Aftercare for Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Preventing SCC involves a proactive approach to sun safety and regular skin check-ups. Here are key prevention strategies:

Sun Protection and Lifestyle Changes

For best sun protection, use all five SunSmart steps:

  • Slip on covering clothing

Choose clothing that covers as much skin as possible, for example, collared shirts with long sleeves. Some clothing may carry an ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), which is a guarantee of how much UV protection a fabric provides.

  • Slop on SPF 50 or SPF50+, broad-spectrum, water-resistant sunscreen

Apply a generous amount of sunscreen to clean, dry skin at least 20 minutes before you go outside. The average-sized adult will need a teaspoon of sunscreen for their head and neck, each limb and the front and back of the body. That’s about seven teaspoons (35mL) for a full body application. Reapply sunscreen every two hours or after swimming or excessive sweating.

Remember, sunscreen is not a suit of armour and should be used with other sun protection measures.

  • Slap on a hat

Choose, a broad-brimmed, legionnaire or bucket style hat which shades your face, nose, neck and ears, which are common sites for skin cancers. Caps and visors do not provide enough protection.

  • Seek shade

Use trees, built shade structures, or bring your own (such as a sunshade tent)! Shade reduces UV radiation, but it can still reach you via reflection, so make sure you use shade in combination with other sun protection measures.

  • Slide on some sunglasses

Sunglasses and a broad-brimmed hat worn together can reduce UV radiation exposure to the eyes by up to 98%. Sunglasses should be worn outside during daylight hours. Choose close-fitting wraparound sunglasses that meet the Australian Standard AS/NSZ 1067.

Regular Skin Checks and Follow-up

Regular skin checks by a dermatologist are crucial, especially for individuals with a history of skin cancer. Early detection through routine examinations can be lifesaving..

Success Rates for Early Detection and Treatment

The success rate for detecting early squamous cell carcinoma stages and removing the cancer is high. Studies have shown that the five-year survival rate for localised SCC (stage I or II) is typically over 90%. This means that 90% of people diagnosed with early-stage SCC are expected to survive for at least five years after treatment.

Factors Affecting Treatment Success

Several factors can affect the success rate of squamous cell carcinoma treatment, including:

  • Stage of the Cancer: Early-stage SCC is generally easier to treat than advanced-stage disease.
  • Location of the Tumour: SCCs on the head and neck may be more difficult to treat than those on other parts of the body.
  • Overall Health of the Patient: People with underlying health conditions may have a higher risk of complications from treatment.
  • Type of Treatment: The chosen treatment method can also affect the outcome.

The Importance of Regular Skin Checks

Given the high risk of getting skin cancer in Australia, annual visits to a dermatologist are imperative. Regular skin exams by a dermatologist are essential for early detection of squamous cell carcinoma.

Dermatologists in Australia are trained to identify and treat skin cancer. If you notice any changes in your skin, such as a new growth, a sore that doesn’t heal, or a change in the size, shape, or colour of a mole, it’s important to see a dermatologist for an evaluation.

Schedule a Skin Exam Today

To conclude, SCC, while common, is highly treatable when detected early. Through sun protection and regular skin checks, the risk of developing SCC can be minimised. If you spot
any unusual skin changes, seek professional advice promptly. Remember, proactive healthcare is your ally in maintaining healthy skin.

For those concerned about skin changes or the risk of skin cancer, consulting with a healthcare professional is a crucial first step. Early intervention and squamous cell carcinoma treatment can make all the difference. Stay informed, stay protected, and prioritise your skin health. Book an appointment at Pymble Dermatology for your skin check.